Cost-Effectiveness of Multitarget Stool DNA Testing vs Colonoscopy or Fecal Immunochemical Testing for Colorectal Cancer Screening in Alaska Native People.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of multitarget stool DNA testing (MT-sDNA) compared with colonoscopy and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for Alaska Native adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A Markov model was used to evaluate the 3 screening test effects over 40 years. Outcomes included colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality, costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). The study incorporated updated evidence on screening test performance and adherence and was conducted from December 15, 2016, through November 6, 2019. RESULTS: With perfect adherence, CRC incidence was reduced by 52% (95% CI, 46% to 56%) using colonoscopy, 61% (95% CI, 57% to 64%) using annual FIT, and 66% (95% CI, 63% to 68%) using MT-sDNA. Compared with no screening, perfect adherence screening extends life by 0.15, 0.17, and 0.19 QALYs per person with colonoscopy, FIT, and MT-sDNA, respectively. Colonoscopy is the most expensive strategy: approximately $110 million more than MT-sDNA and $127 million more than FIT. With imperfect adherence (best case), MT-sDNA resulted in 0.12 QALYs per person vs 0.05 and 0.06 QALYs per person by FIT and colonoscopy, respectively. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses supported the base-case analysis. Under varied adherence scenarios, MT-sDNA either dominates or is cost-effective (ICERs, $1740-$75,868 per QALY saved) compared with FIT and colonoscopy. CONCLUSION: Each strategy reduced costs and increased QALYs compared with no screening. Screening by MT-sDNA results in the largest QALY savings. In Markov model analysis, screening by MT-sDNA in the Alaska Native population was cost-effective compared with screening by colonoscopy and FIT for a wide range of adherence scenarios.

High Detection Rates of Pancreatic Cancer Across Stages by Plasma Assay of Novel Methylated DNA Markers and CA19-9.

PURPOSE: We have previously identified tissue methylated DNA markers (MDMs) associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this case-control study, we aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of plasma MDMs for PDAC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Thirteen MDMs (GRIN2D, CD1D, ZNF781, FER1L4, RYR2, CLEC11A, AK055957, LRRC4, GH05J042948, HOXA1, PRKCB, SHISA9, and NTRK3) were identified on the basis of selection criteria applied to results of prior tissue experiments and assays were optimized in plasma. Next, 340 plasma samples (170 PDAC cases and 170 controls) were assayed using target enrichment long-probe quantitative amplified signal method. Initially, 120 advanced-stage PDAC cases and 120 healthy controls were used to train a prediction algorithm at 97.5% specificity using random forest modeling. Subsequently, the locked algorithm derived from the training set was applied to an independent blinded test set of 50 early-stage PDAC cases and 50 controls. Finally, data from all 340 patients were combined, and cross-validated. RESULTS: The cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the training set was 0.93 (0.89-0.96) for the MDM panel alone, 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.96) for carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) alone, and 0.99 (0.98-1) for the combined MDM-CA19-9 panel. In the test set of early-stage PDAC, the AUC for MDMs alone was 0.84 (0.76-0.92), CA19-9 alone was 0.87 (0.79-0.94), and combined MDM-CA19-9 panel was 0.90 (0.84-0.97) significantly better compared with either MDMs alone or CA19-9 alone (P = 0.0382 and 0.0490, respectively). At a preset specificity of 97.5%, the sensitivity for the combined panel in the test set was 80% (28%-99%) for stage I disease and 82% (68%-92%) for stage II disease. Using the combined datasets, the cross-validated AUC was 0.9 (0.86-0.94) for the MDM panel alone and 0.89 for CA19-9 alone (0.84-0.93) versus 0.97 (0.94-0.99) for the combined MDM-CA19-9 panel (P ≤ 0.0001). Overall, cross-validated sensitivity of MDM-CA19-9 panel was 92% (83%-98%), with an observed specificity of 92% at the preset specificity of 97.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma MDMs in combination with CA19-9 detect PDAC with significantly higher accuracy compared with either biomarker individually.

Novel Methylated DNA Markers in the Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer Recurrence.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the concordance of colorectal cancer-associated methylated DNA markers (MDM) in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer for feasibility in detection of distantly recurrent/metastatic colorectal cancer in plasma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A panel of previously discovered colorectal cancer-associated MDMs was selected. MDMs from primary and paired metastatic colorectal cancer tissue were assayed with quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Plasma MDMs were measured blindly by target enrichment long-probe quantitative-amplified signal assays. Random forest modeling was used to derive a prediction algorithm of MDMs in archival plasma samples from primary colorectal cancer cases. This algorithm was validated in prospectively collected plasma samples from recurrent colorectal cancer cases. The accuracy of the algorithm was summarized as sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Of the 14 selected MDMs, the concordance between primary and metastatic tissue was considered moderate or higher for 12 MDMs (86%). At a preset specificity of 95% (91%-98%), a panel of 13 MDMs, in plasma from 97 colorectal cancer cases and 200 controls, detected stage IV colorectal cancer with 100% (80%-100%) sensitivity and all stages of colorectal cancer with an AUC of 0.91 (0.87-0.95), significantly higher than carcinoembryonic antigen [AUC, 0.72 (0.65-0.79)]. This panel, in plasma from 40 cases and 60 healthy controls, detected recurrent/metastatic colorectal cancer with 90% (76%-97%) sensitivity, 90% (79%-96%) specificity, and an AUC of 0.96 (0.92-1.00). The panel was positive in 0.30 (0.19-0.43) of 60 patients with no evidence of disease in post-operative patients with colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma assay of novel colorectal cancer-associated MDMs can reliably detect both primary colorectal cancer and distantly recurrent colorectal cancer with promising accuracy.

Novel methylated DNA markers accurately discriminate Lynch syndrome associated colorectal neoplasia.

Aim: Acquired molecular changes in Lynch syndrome (LS) colorectal tumors have been largely unstudied. We identified methylated DNA markers (MDMs) for discrimination of colorectal neoplasia in LS and determined if these MDMs were comparably discriminant in sporadic patients. Patients & methods: For LS discovery, we evaluated DNA from 53 colorectal case and control tissues using next generation sequencing. For validation, blinded methylation-specific PCR assays to the selected MDMs were performed on 197 cases and controls. Results:OPLAH was the most discriminant MDM with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≥0.97 for colorectal neoplasia in LS and sporadic tissues. ALKBH5, was uniquely hypermethylated in LS neoplasms. Conclusion: Highly discriminant MDMs for colorectal neoplasia in LS were identified with potential use in screening and surveillance.

Methylated DNA Markers of Esophageal Squamous Cancer and Dysplasia: An International Study.

BACKGROUND: Discovery of methylated DNA markers (MDM) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has sparked interest in assessing these markers in tissue. We evaluated MDMs in ESCC from three geographically and ethnically distinct populations, and explored the feasibility of assaying MDMs from DNA obtained by swallowed balloon devices. METHODS: MDMs were assayed in ESCC and normal tissues obtained from the populations of United States, Iran, and China, and from exfoliative cytology specimens obtained by balloons in a Chinese population. Areas under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of MDMs discriminating ESCC from normal tissues were calculated. Random forest prediction models were built, trained on U.S. cases and controls, and calibrated to U.S.-only controls (model 1) and three-country controls (model 2). Statistical tests were used to assess the relationship between dysplasia and MDM levels in balloons. RESULTS: Extracted DNA from 333 ESCC and 322 normal tissues was analyzed, in addition to archival DNA from 98 balloons. For ESCC, model 1 validated in Iranian and Chinese tissues with AUCs of 0.90 and 0.87, and model 2 yielded AUCs of 0.99, 0.96, and 0.94 in tissues from the United States, Iran, and China, respectively. In Chinese balloons, MDMs showed a statistically significant trend of increasing levels with increasing grades of dysplasia (P < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: MDMs accurately discriminate ESCC from normal esophagus in tissues obtained from high- and low-incidence countries. Preliminary data suggest that levels of MDMs assayed in DNA from swallowed balloon devices increase with dysplasia grade. Larger studies are needed to validate these results. IMPACT: MDMs coupled with minimally invasive collection methods have the potential for worldwide application in ESCC screening.

Accurate Nonendoscopic Detection of Barrett's Esophagus by Methylated DNA Markers: A Multisite Case Control Study.

INTRODUCTION: Nonendoscopic Barrett's esophagus (BE) screening may help improve esophageal adenocarcinoma outcomes. We previously demonstrated promising accuracy of methylated DNA markers (MDMs) for the nonendoscopic diagnosis of BE using samples obtained from a capsule sponge-on-string (SOS) device. We aimed to assess the accuracy of these MDMs in an independent cohort using a commercial grade assay. METHODS: BE cases had ≥ 1 cm of circumferential BE with intestinal metaplasia; controls had no endoscopic evidence of BE. The SOS device was withdrawn 8 minutes after swallowing, followed by endoscopy (the criterion standard). Highest performing MDMs from a previous study were blindly assessed on extracted bisulfite-converted DNA by target enrichment long-probe quantitative amplified signal (TELQAS) assays. Optimal MDM combinations were selected and analyzed using random forest modeling with in silico cross-validation. RESULTS: Of 295 patients consented, 268 (91%) swallowed the SOS device; 112 cases and 89 controls met the pre-established inclusion criteria. The median BE length was 6 cm (interquartile range 4-9), and 50% had no dysplasia. The cross-validated sensitivity and specificity of a 5 MDM random forest model were 92% (95% confidence interval 85%-96%) and 94% (95% confidence interval 87%-98%), respectively. Model performance was not affected by age, gender, or smoking history but was influenced by the BE segment length. SOS administration was well tolerated (median [interquartile range] tolerability 2 [0, 4] on 10 scale grading), and 95% preferred SOS over endoscopy. DISCUSSION: Using a minimally invasive molecular approach, MDMs assayed from SOS samples show promise as a safe and accurate nonendoscopic test for BE prediction.

Comparison of Tissue-Based Molecular Markers in Younger versus Older Patients with Colorectal Neoplasia.

BACKGROUND: Emerging colorectal cancer trends demonstrate increased incidence and mortality in younger populations, prompting consideration of average-risk colorectal cancer screening initiation at age 45 versus 50 years. However, screening test performance characteristics in adults 45-49 years have been minimally described. To inform the biologic rationale for multi-target stool DNA (mt-sDNA) screening in younger patients, we analyzed and compared tissue levels of methylation (BMP3, NDRG4) and mutation (KRAS) markers included in the FDA-approved, mt-sDNA assay (Cologuard; Exact Sciences Corporation). METHODS: Within 40-44, 45-49, and 50-64 year age groups, archived colorectal tissue specimens were identified for 211 sporadic colorectal cancer cases, 123 advanced precancerous lesions (APLs; adenomas >1 cm, high-grade dysplasia, ≥25% villous morphology, or sessile serrated polyp; 45-49 and 50-64 age groups only), and 204 histologically normal controls. Following DNA extraction, KRAS, BMP3, and NDRG4 were quantified using QuARTS assays, relative to ACTB (reference gene). RESULTS: None of the molecular marker concentrations were significantly associated with age (P > 0.05 for all comparisons), with the exception of NDRG4 concentration in APL samples (higher in older vs. younger cases; P = 0.008). However, NDRG4 levels were also statistically higher in APL case versus normal control samples in both the 45-49 (P < 0.0001) and 50-64 (P < 0.0001) year age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings support the potential for earlier onset of average-risk colorectal cancer screening with the mt-sDNA assay. IMPACT: These novel data address an identified knowledge gap and strengthen the biologic basis for earlier-onset, average-risk screening with the mt-sDNA assay.

Fecal Metabolomic Signatures in Colorectal Adenoma Patients Are Associated with Gut Microbiota and Early Events of Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis.

Colorectal adenomas are precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer (CRC) that offer a means of viewing the events key to early CRC development. A number of studies have investigated the changes and roles of gut microbiota in adenoma and carcinoma development, highlighting its impact on carcinogenesis. However, there has been less of a focus on the gut metabolome, which mediates interactions between the host and gut microbes. Here, we investigated metabolomic profiles of stool samples from patients with advanced adenoma (n = 102), matched controls (n = 102), and patients with CRC (n = 36). We found that several classes of bioactive lipids, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and sphingolipids, were elevated in the adenoma patients compared to the controls. Most such metabolites showed directionally consistent changes in the CRC patients, suggesting that those changes may represent early events of carcinogenesis. We also examined gut microbiome-metabolome associations using gut microbiota profiles in these patients. We found remarkably strong overall associations between the microbiome and metabolome data and catalogued a list of robustly correlated pairs of bacterial taxa and metabolomic features which included signatures of adenoma. Our findings highlight the importance of gut metabolites, and potentially their interplay with gut microbes, in the early events of CRC pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Colorectal adenomas are precursors of CRC. Recently, the gut microbiota, i.e., the collection of microbes residing in our gut, has been recognized as a key player in CRC development. There have been a number of gut microbiota profiling studies for colorectal adenoma and CRC; however, fewer studies have considered the gut metabolome, which serves as the chemical interface between the host and gut microbiota. Here, we conducted a gut metabolome profiling study of colorectal adenoma and CRC and analyzed the metabolomic profiles together with paired microbiota composition profiles. We found several chemical signatures of colorectal adenoma that were associated with some gut microbes and potentially indicative of future CRC. This study highlights potential early-driver metabolites in CRC pathogenesis and guides further targeted experiments and thus provides an important stepping stone toward developing better CRC prevention strategies.

Multitarget Stool DNA Screening in Clinical Practice: High Positive Predictive Value for Colorectal Neoplasia Regardless of Exposure to Previous Colonoscopy.

OBJECTIVES: Multitarget stool DNA (MT-sDNA) testing has grown as a noninvasive screening modality for colorectal cancer (CRC), but real-world clinical data are limited in the post-FDA approval setting. The effect of previous colonoscopy on MT-sDNA performance is not known. We aimed to evaluate findings of colorectal neoplasia (CRN) at diagnostic colonoscopy in patients with positive MT-sDNA testing, stratified by patient exposure to previous colonoscopy. METHODS: We identified consecutive patients completing MT-sDNA testing over a 39-month period and reviewed the records of those with positive tests for neoplastic findings at diagnostic colonoscopy. MT-sDNA test positivity rate, adherence to diagnostic colonoscopy, and the positive predictive value (PPV) of MT-sDNA for any CRN and neoplastic subtypes were calculated. RESULTS: Of 16,469 MT-sDNA tests completed, testing returned positive in 2,326 (14.1%) patients. After exclusion of patients at increased risk for CRC, 1,801 patients remained, 1,558 (87%) of whom underwent diagnostic colonoscopy; 918 of 1,558 (59%) of these patients had undergone previous colonoscopy, whereas 640 (41%) had not. Any CRN was found in 1,046 of 1,558 patients (PPV = 67%). More neoplastic lesions were found in patients without previous colonoscopy (73%); however, the rates remained high among those who had undergone previous colonoscopy (63%, P < 0.0001). The large majority (79%) of patients had right-sided neoplasia. DISCUSSION: MT-sDNA has a high PPV for any CRN regardless of exposure to previous colonoscopy. Right-sided CRN was found at colonoscopy in most patients with positive MT-sDNA testing, representing a potential advantage over other currently available screening modalities for CRC.

Methylated DNA in Pancreatic Juice Distinguishes Patients With Pancreatic Cancer From Controls.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Precursors of pancreatic cancer arise in the ductal epithelium; markers exfoliated into pancreatic juice might be used to detect high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and cancer. Specific methylated DNA sequences in pancreatic tissue have been associated with adenocarcinoma. We analyzed these methylated DNA markers (MDMs) in pancreatic juice samples from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) with HGD (cases), and assessed their ability to discriminate these patients from individuals without dysplasia or with IPMNs with low-grade dysplasia (controls). METHODS: We obtained pancreatic juice samples from 38 patients (35 with biopsy-proven PDAC or pancreatic cystic lesions with invasive cancer and 3 with HGD) and 73 controls (32 with normal pancreas and 41 with benign disease), collected endoscopically from the duodenum after secretin administration from February 2015 through November 2016 at 3 medical centers. Samples were analyzed for the presence of 14 MDMs (in the genes NDRG4, BMP3, TBX15, C13orf18, PRKCB, CLEC11A, CD1D, ELMO1, IGF2BP1, RYR2, ADCY1, FER1L4, EMX1, and LRRC4), by quantitative allele-specific real-time target and signal amplification. We performed area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to determine the ability of each marker, and panels of markers, to distinguish patients with HGD and cancer from controls. MDMs were combined to form a panel for detection using recursive partition trees. RESULTS: We identified a group of 3 MDMs (at C13orf18, FER1L4, and BMP3) in pancreatic juice that distinguished cases from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic value of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.97). Using a specificity cut-off value of 86%, this group of MDMs distinguished patients with any stage of pancreatic cancer from controls with 83% sensitivity (95% CI, 66%-93%) and identified patients with stage I or II PDAC or IPMN with HGD with 80% sensitivity (95% CI, 56%-95%). CONCLUSIONS: We identified a group of 3 MDMs in pancreatic juice that identify patients with pancreatic cancer with an area under the receiver operating characteristic value of 0.90, including patients with early stage disease or advanced precancer. These DNA methylation patterns might be included in algorithms for early detection of pancreatic cancer, especially in high-risk cohorts. Further optimization and clinical studies are needed.

Alaska Native Patient and Provider Perspectives on the Multitarget Stool DNA Test Compared With Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening.

Objective: Alaska Native (AN) people have among the world's highest rate of colorectal cancer (CRC). We assessed perceptions of AN people and their health care providers of a new take-home multitarget stool DNA test (MT-sDNA; Cologuard) relative to colonoscopy. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys of AN people aged 40 to 75 years (mailed) and providers (online). Results: Participants included 1616 AN patients (19% response rate) and 87 providers (26% response rate; 57% AN people). Over half (58%) of patients preferred colonoscopy for CRC screening, while 36% preferred MT-sDNA. Unscreened patients were significantly more likely to state a preference for MT-sDNA than previously screened patients (42% vs 31%, P < .05) as were younger patients (<60 years old) compared with older patients (40% vs 30%, P < .05). Most providers thought that MT-sDNA would improve screening rates (69%), would recommend if available (79%), and be implementable (79%). Perceived barriers differed substantially between patients and providers in both type and magnitude. Leading colonoscopy barriers reported by patients were travel (44%) and bowel preparation (40%), while providers thought that fear of pain (92%) and invasiveness of the test (87%) were the primary barriers. For MT-sDNA, patients' belief that colonoscopy was better (56%) and not knowing how to do the test (40%) were primary barriers, while providers thought stool collection (67%) and having a stool sample in their home (63%) were leading barriers. Conclusions: This study found that MT-sDNA has potential acceptability among AN people and their health care providers. Both groups reported a willingness to use MT-sDNA and did not perceive major barriers to its use. This preference was especially true of unscreened and younger patients. The majority of providers indicated they would use MT-sDNA if available and that it would improve CRC screening rates. In this population, where colonoscopy access is limited, MT-sDNA has the potential to improve CRC screening adherence.

Discovery, Validation, and Application of Novel Methylated DNA Markers for Detection of Esophageal Cancer in Plasma.

PURPOSE: The burden of esophageal cancer continues to rise, and noninvasive screening tools are needed. Methylated DNA markers (MDM) assayed from plasma show promise in detection of other cancers. For esophageal cancer detection, we aimed to discover and validate MDMs in tissue, and determine their feasibility when assayed from plasma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Whole-methylome sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from 37 tissues (28 EC; 9 normal esophagus) and 8 buffy coat samples. Top MDMs were validated by methylation specific PCR on tissue from 76 EC (41 adeno, 35 squamous cell) and 17 normal esophagus. Quantitative allele-specific real-time target and signal amplification was used to assay MDMs in plasma from 183 patients (85 EC, 98 controls). Recursive partitioning (rPART) identified MDM combinations predictive of esophageal cancer. Validation was performed in silico by bootstrapping. RESULTS: From discovery, 23 candidate MDMs were selected for independent tissue validation; median area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) for individual MDMs was 0.93. Among 12 MDMs advanced to plasma testing, rPART modeling selected a 5 MDM panel (FER1L4, ZNF671, ST8SIA1, TBX15, ARHGEF4) which achieved an AUC of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89-0.96) on best-fit and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.75-0.88) on cross-validation. At 91% specificity, the panel detected 74% of esophageal cancer overall, and 43%, 64%, 77%, and 92% of stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Discrimination was not affected by age, sex, smoking, or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Novel MDMs assayed from plasma detect esophageal cancer with moderate accuracy. Further optimization and clinical testing are warranted.

Novel Methylated DNA Markers Discriminate Advanced Neoplasia in Pancreatic Cysts: Marker Discovery, Tissue Validation, and Cyst Fluid Testing.

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) may be precancerous. Those likely to harbor high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or pancreatic cancer (PC) are targets for surgical resection. Current algorithms to predict advanced neoplasia (HGD/PC) in PCLs lack diagnostic accuracy. In pancreatic tissue and cyst fluid (CF) from PCLs, we sought to identify and validate novel methylated DNA markers (MDMs) that discriminate HGD/PC from low-grade dysplasia (LGD) or no dysplasia (ND). METHODS: From an unbiased whole-methylome discovery approach using predefined selection criteria followed by multistep validation on case (HGD or PC) and control (ND or LGD) tissues, we identified discriminant MDMs. Top candidate MDMs were then assayed by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction on archival CF from surgically resected PCLs. RESULTS: Of 25 discriminant MDMs identified in tissue, 13 were selected for validation in 134 CF samples (21 cases [8 HGD, 13 PC], 113 controls [45 ND, 68 LGD]). A tree-based algorithm using 2 CF-MDMs (TBX15, BMP3) achieved sensitivity and specificity above 90%. Discrimination was significantly better by this CF-MDM panel than by mutant KRAS or carcinoembryonic antigen, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93 (95% confidence interval: 0.86-0.99), 0.71 (0.57-0.85), and 0.72 (0.60-0.84), respectively. Cutoffs for the MDM panel applied to an independent CF validation set (31 cases, 56 controls) yielded similarly high discrimination, areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.77-0.94, P = 0.2). DISCUSSION: Novel MDMs discovered and validated in tissue accurately identify PCLs harboring HGD/PC. A panel of 2 MDMs assayed in CF yielded results with potential to enhance current risk prediction algorithms. Prospective studies are indicated to optimize and further evaluate CF-MDMs for clinical use.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Detection by Plasma Methylated DNA: Discovery, Phase I Pilot, and Phase II Clinical Validation.

Early detection improves hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) outcomes, but better noninvasive surveillance tools are needed. We aimed to identify and validate methylated DNA markers (MDMs) for HCC detection. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from 18 HCC and 35 control tissues. Candidate MDMs were confirmed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR in DNA from independent tissues (74 HCC, 29 controls). A phase I plasma pilot incorporated quantitative allele-specific real-time target and signal amplification assays on independent plasma-extracted DNA from 21 HCC cases and 30 controls with cirrhosis. A phase II plasma study was then performed in 95 HCC cases, 51 controls with cirrhosis, and 98 healthy controls using target enrichment long-probe quantitative amplified signal (TELQAS) assays. Recursive partitioning identified best MDM combinations. The entire MDM panel was statistically cross-validated by randomly splitting the data 2:1 for training and testing. Random forest (rForest) regression models performed on the training set predicted disease status in the testing set; median areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUCs; and 95% confidence interval [CI]) were reported after 500 iterations. In phase II, a six-marker MDM panel (homeobox A1 [HOXA1], empty spiracles homeobox 1 [EMX1], AK055957, endothelin-converting enzyme 1 [ECE1], phosphofructokinase [PFKP], and C-type lectin domain containing 11A [CLEC11A]) normalized by beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 6 (B3GALT6) level yielded a best-fit AUC of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93-0.99) with HCC sensitivity of 95% (88%-98%) at specificity of 92% (86%-96%). The panel detected 3 of 4 (75%) stage 0, 39 of 42 (93%) stage A, 13 of 14 (93%) stage B, 28 of 28 (100%) stage C, and 7 of 7 (100%) stage D HCCs. The AUC value for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was 0.80 (0.74-0.87) compared to 0.94 (0.9-0.97) for the cross-validated MDM panel (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: MDMs identified in this study proved to accurately detect HCC by plasma testing. Further optimization and clinical testing of this promising approach are indicated.

Analysis of DNA Methylation at Specific Loci in Stool Samples Detects Colorectal Cancer and High-Grade Dysplasia in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). Analyses of DNA methylation patterns in stool samples have been reported to detect CRC in patients with IBD. We sought to validate these findings in larger cohorts and assess the accuracy of analysis of DNA methylation patterns in stool for detection of CRC and high-grade dysplasia (HGD) normalized to methylation level at ZDHHC1. METHODS: We obtained buffered, frozen stool samples from a US case-control study and from 2 European surveillance cohorts (referral or population based) of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (n = 248), Crohn's disease (n = 82), indeterminate colitis (n = 2), or IBD with primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 38). Stool samples were collected before bowel preparation for colonoscopy or at least 1 week after colonoscopy. Among the study samples, stools from individuals with IBD but without neoplasia were used as controls (n = 291). DNA was isolated from stool, exposed to bisulfite, and then assayed by multiplex quantitative allele-specific real-time target and signal amplification. We analyzed methylation levels of BMP3, NDRG4, VAV3, and SFMBT2 relative to the methylation level of ZDHHC1, and compared these between patients with CRC or HGD and controls. RESULTS: Levels of methylation at BMP3 and VAV3, relative to ZDHHC1 methylation, identified patients with CRC and HGD with an area under the curve value of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.77-1.00). Methylation levels at specific promotor regions of these genes identified 11 of the 12 patients with CRC and HGD, with 92% sensitivity (95% CI, 60%-100%) and 90% specificity (95% CI, 86%-93%). The proportion of false-positive results did not differ significantly among the case-control, referral cohort, and population cohort studies (P = .60) when the 90% specificity cut-off from the whole sample set was applied. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of stool samples from 3 independent studies of 332 patients with IBD, we associated levels of methylation at 2 genes (BMP3 and VAV3), relative to level of methylation at ZDHHC1, with detection of CRC and HGD. These methylation patterns identified patients with CRC and HGD with more than 90% specificity, and might be used in CRC surveillance.

Universal cancer screening: revolutionary, rational, and realizable.

Cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, and overall cancer-related deaths are increasing. Despite the survival benefit from early detection, screening has to date targeted only those few organs that harbor tumors of sufficient prevalence to show cost-effectiveness at population levels, leaving most cancer types unscreened. In this perspective overview, a case is made for universal cancer screening as a logical and more inclusive approach with potentially high impact. The centrally important conceptual drivers to universal screening are biological and epidemiological. The shared biology of tumor marker release into a common distant medium, like blood, can be exploited for multi-cancer detection from a single test. And, by aggregating prevalence rates, universal screening allows all cancers (including less common ones) to be included as targets, increases screening efficiency and integration across tumor types, and potentially improves cost-effectiveness over single-organ approaches. The identification of new tumor marker classes with both broad expression across tumor types and site-prediction, remarkable advances in assay technologies, and compelling early clinical data increase the likelihood of actualizing this new paradigm. Multi-organ screening could be achieved by targeting markers within or stemming from the circulation (including blood, urine, saliva, and expired breath) or those exfoliated into common excretory pathways (including the gastrointestinal and female reproductive tracts). Rigorous clinical studies in intended use populations and collaborations between academia, industry, professional societies, and government will be required to bring this lofty vision to a population application.